UDC [332.021:338.48]:339.97(23)(477); JEL L83, Q26, R58 Hulych, O. I. (2017). Yevropeys'ka polityka rozvytku turyzmu i rekreatsiyi v hirs'kykh rehionakh: dosvid dlya Ukrayiny [European policy for the development of the tourism and recreation in mountainous regions: experience for Ukraine]. Rehional'na ekonomika - Regional Economy, 86(4), 131-138. [in Ukrainian]. Sources: 6
Authors
Resume
This article deals with formation of a modern policy for the development of tourism and recreational sphere of mountainous regions of Europe. The EU’s policy is carried out taking into account the two key strategic factors, such as the development of tourism in Europe in the long-term perspective and the policy of supporting the development of mountainous regions by the European Union. It is noted that in conditions of growing competition, Europe has determined on the prospect of the formation of a stable high-quality tourist offer based on its comparative advantage, which in particular emphasizes its landscape diversity and extraordinary cultural riches. This task should be realized on condition of sustainable tourism development, taking into account the difficulties associated with climate change (for mountainous regions it is a decrease in snow cover and, accordingly, a reduction in demand for winter tourism types), the risks of biodiversity loss and the threats faced by cultural heritage. For mountainous regions, these difficulties and threats are particularly noticeable. This paper focuses on the implementation of sustainable tourism practices for mountainous regions (use of alternative energy, landscape conservation, garbage control, etc.). In our opinion, sustainable tourism practices are extremely important due to the increased vulnerability of mountainous landscapes to violations of the conditions of nature use and the need to preserve a unique cultural and natural heritage. The instruments of implementation of the tourism development policy in mountainous regions in the legal acts of the European Union state are presented. The author also makes an attempt at systematizing current research on the instruments, which can be divided into the following two lines: providing incentives and support for initiatives that promote the development of high-quality tourism, preservation of the natural, economic and social environment, as well as heritage and culture of mountains districts; promotion of development of high-quality tourism taking into account the ecological specificity of each object and creation of infrastructure and service facilities that would correspond to its scale; promotion of multi-season economic activity; normative regulation of forms of active rest, which include an element of danger or can cause damage to the ecological balance. This article considers the importance of the Carpathian Region for the sustainable tourism development of the Carpathians. The growth of the role of tourism in the economic development of the more backward areas of the region has been explored as well. It is noted, that the Protocol on Sustainable Tourism to the Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians defines the objective to reduce the negative impacts of tourism, to develop and implement common quality standards, to establish the sustainable tourism development policies, as well as to integrate them into other sectoral policies, to form the concept of the Carpathian Region as a tourist brand and to create sustainable tourist products, services, packaging, etc. It is emphasized that in the long-term future development of tourism aimd at the general development of the Carpathians should be based on the same common goals: long-term economic prosperity of local communities, preservation of the basis of tourism – the natural and cultural environment with the provision of tourist needs. These objectives are perfectly complementary and relevant for all (potential) tourist destinations. The basic position of the regional development of mountainous areas is described. It is emphasized by author, that Ukraine should become involved in the process of developing unified approaches and standards for tourism development in mountainous regions as soon as possible, and should be engaged in the development and promotion of common tourist products of the Carpathian Region at the European and the World tourist services markets.
Keywords:
tourism, recreation, mountainous regions, European policy of development of tourism and recreation, Carpathian region
The ability of the economy to achieve and maintain imported independence due to a proper institutional and organizational preparation and studying the world experience is a necessary condition for its high efficiency and practical implementation. International experience in realization of the import substitution policy is particularly vital for countries where the economy is highly import-dependent and the level of dependence is expected to grow in future. Ukraine belongs to this kind of countries, since starting from its independence proclamation it has failed to ensure economic protection and security of the domestic producers and the consumer market as a whole. The purpose of this article is to study the directions, strategic priorities, tools and results of introducing the state policy of import substitution at the regional-sectoral level taking into account international experience and opportunities of its implementation in Ukraine. The paper’s methodological basis is made up of fundamental principles of the systemic-structural, functional, and logical analysis of scientific and special methods, modern concepts of institutional economics. Strategic priorities, tools and results (positive and negative) of implementing the state policy of import substitution in sectors of the economy for certain groups of countries are studied. The countries are classified with respect to the ability to restore internal trade potential for developing industries, to support key sectors of the economy, to stimulate the development of high-tech industries. The study concludes that the state policy of import substitution tends to be transformed with the development of economy, foreign trade relations, the institutional and legal system of the state and world trade in general. Given the characteristics of the experience of certain groups of countries the authors grounded its possible use at the present stage of development of Ukraine’s economy, which is characterized by high level of import dependence. It is concluded that the global experience of state policy of import substitution allows us to speak about different ways of its implementation, but in general they can be grouped in two directions – protectionist and liberal It is ascertained that the effectiveness of each of these historical periods differs significantly and is constantly changing along with the changes in the technology of mining and processing of raw materials, regulatory and consumers’ quality requirements to the final products, financial and investment potential of the states.
public policy of import substitution, industry, protectionism, state’s economy, regional characteristics
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UDC 339.562+332.14(477+100); JEL F42, F52, L5, M3, O11