UDC 331.556.4; JEL J11, J61 Ryndzak, O. T., & Makhoniuk, O. V. (2017). Ekonomichni faktory zovnishn'oyi mihratsiyi naselennya Ukrayiny [The main factors of external migration of the Ukraine’s population]. Rehional'na ekonomika - Regional Economy, 86(4), 54-64. [in Ukrainian]. Sources: 24
Authors
Ryndzak Olha Tadeyivna
Ph.D. of Economics
Senior Researcher of the Department of problems of social and humanitarian development of the regions of the Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of NAS of Ukraine
Leading Engineer of the Department of problems of social and humanitarian development of the regions of the Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of NAS of Ukraine
Intensification of emigration, deepening of the demographic and socioeconomic crisis actualize the need for applying adequate mechanisms of the state migration and socio-economic policy to slow down the pace of mass departure of population from Ukraine. This requires research and analysis of the main factors of external migration in order to regulate them. The article is devoted to analysis of the main factors of Ukraine’s population external migration. In particular, the following issues were analyzed: the dynamics of the average monthly nominal wages in Ukraine per one full-time employee (2002-2016 years) in hryvnia and dollar equivalents; the minimum wage in Ukraine in comparison with neighboring countries and the most attractive countries for Ukrainian migrants. If the level of wages in hryvnia is growing rapidly, then it falls in dollar terms, especially in 2014-2015 years. Totally, in spite of wages increasing the general level of households income is decreasing (according to their self-assessment) and the deterioration of purchasing power of the population takes place. During the last period Ukraine has the highest unemployment rate in comparison with neighboring countries. At the same time, our country occupies almost the last place (before Moldova) in the list of human development index of some countries (neighboring countries and countries which are the most often visited by Ukrainian migrants). Thus, low wages and high level of unemployment are the main factors that «push» Ukrainian citizens to neighboring countries. Liberalization of the visa regime with EU countries as well as migration, education and other kinds of policies of some countries (for example, the repatriation of persons of Polish origin, the creation of favorable conditions for the training of foreign students in Poland, Germany, Hungary, etc.) only intensify the existing emigration trends in Ukraine. In order to prevent the mass emigration of the Ukraine’s population, it is necessary to reform the wage system in the direction of increasing its level and improve the conditions of employment on the national labor market.
Keywords:
migration factors, wages, unemployment, human development index, migration policy
The relevance of the theoretical and methodological foundations of assessment of the effectiveness of regulation mechanism of migration was justified in the article. The main global migration processes trends, which confirm the rapid growth of population spatial mobility and create new challenges to regulation of migration, was given. The essence of regulation mechanism of migration, which is a system by systematic approach that ensures the impact of the subject in the face of governmental and nongovernmental organizations and migration market actors on migration processes in order to achieve the objectives, was defined. The component structure of the mechanism was reflected. It’s formed by goals, objectives, principles, functions, subjects, objects, methods and forms of state regulation, which causing migration policy in their interaction and relationship. The essence of effectiveness, which is considered from the standpoint of «cost-benefit» and «goal-outcome» in the economy, was defined. The complexity of assessment of the effectiveness in public administration was noted, because there is no single indicator of outcome in public sector, which is the income for commercial structures. Despite these difficulties, the assessment of the effectiveness of the regulation mechanism of migration requires the formation of the monitoring system for regularly receiving different quantitative and qualitative data, analytical materials and expert evaluations. Main approaches to determine the effectiveness of the regulation mechanism of migration were discussed. Their selection allows finding the effectiveness types. These types are economic, objective, organizational, functional, subject, object effectiveness, effectiveness of result and relationships. The highest practical value is assessment of result effectiveness. This approach requires the quality methodological developments and allows estimating the consequences (social, economic, ecological etc) of regulation mechanism of migration and migration potential (determining the factors of population migration as objects of indirect regulatory influence). The specific indicators should be the basis of assessment of the result effectiveness. They are determined depending on the migration situation. The main levels of assessment of the effectiveness of regulation mechanism of migration were described.
regulation mechanism of migration, effectiveness, result effectiveness, migration potential, levels of assessment of effectivenes
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UDC 331.556.4:314.748:001.891; JEL O15, F22, H00, R23