UDC 338.24.021.8:346.232"1990/1999"(438); JEL F43, H73, O52, R58 Lyzwa, E. (2018). Reforma mistsevoho samovryaduvannya v Pol'shchi u 1990-ti roky – perebih, perevahy ta problemni zony [The self-government reform in Poland in the 1990s – the process, advantages, and problem areas]. Rehional'na ekonomika - Regional Economy, 87 (1), 132-142. Retrieved from http://re.gov.ua/doi/re2018.01.132.php. [in Ukrainian]. Sources: 21
Authors
Resume
One of the main reforms in Poland after 1989 was creation of local government (community were created in 1990, counties and provinces since 1999,). The implementation of this reform, apart from benefits, also caused problems. The main point of this report is to identify defects. The selected information were analysed – scientific publications, expert reports and questionnaire results. The conclusions showed that the main problems of self-government are: too small autonomy of activity, overdone imposition of tasks without sufficient cash, unclear role of counties. The article also shows other problems that limit the possibilities of local government activities. We should spread the knowledge about the existence of obstacles to development management Knowledge. Common awareness of restrictions will help policy makers take right actions that meet the needs of the community in a given area.
Keywords:
reform, local self-government, autonomy, administration, local development, regional development
References
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Investment-innovative processes have a considerable influence on the economy of Ukrainian-Polish cross-border region. They define the ability of adjacent border regions of Ukraine and Poland to accumulate enough human and financial capital in order to form and increase their own investment and innovative capacity. Meanwhile, under current social and economic conditions, social and psychological environment has increasing influence on the efficiency of this capacity exploitation. It includes major social groups attracted into cross-border cooperation process as well as the established forms of business relations between them and cultural norms, which define their features and application efficiency in cross-border goods exchange and in terms of cross-border investment-innovative projects’ implementation. Opportunistic behaviour, which has the most significant destructive influence on the efficiency of exploitation of investment-innovative capacity of Ukrainian-Polish cross-border region’s development, is emphasized. In particular, principal defining factors and major extension mechanisms of main types of opportunistic behaviour in Ukrainian-Polish cross-border region are outlined. These include information asymmetries, corruption and smuggling, illegal cross-border operations peculiar to modern forms of border trade and small border movement, cross-border circular migration as well as activity of cross-border institutions in Ukrainian-Polish cross-border region. The means of opportunistic behaviour elimination in the context of social-psychological environment improvement in Ukrainian-Polish cross-border region and increase of its investment-innovative capacity are suggested. Special attention is paid to improvement of the capacity of human and social capital, elimination of corruption, adaptation of modern organization-economic means and institutional leverages of investment-innovative capacity increase in the regions of Ukraine adjacent to Poland, in particular cross-border clusters, cross-border educational, training and scientific centers, cross-border networks of technologies transfer and knowledge exchange and cross-border business incubators, etc. Particular attention is paid to the necessity to conclude the administrative-territorial and educational reform in Ukraine. The author proves the fact that these reforms are intended to lay institutional foundations for the development of social-psychological environment in Ukrainian-Polish cross-border cooperation and therefore to bring the state’s border regions closer to the requirements and standards of the EU in order to give new impetus for activation of investment-innovative processes and to increase investment-innovative capacity of Ukrainian-Polish cross-border region’s development.
The article highlights strategic guidelines for the development of the Carpathian region and evaluates them in terms of alignment with the goals of the State Strategy for Regional Development, identifies the need for greater prioritization of the strategic guidelines for the development of regions, while simultaneously identifying so-called «growth points» that will ensure the region’s economic growth and use of its own potential. Taking into account European approaches to the formation and implementation of a state policy of regional development aimed at smart, inclusive and sustainable growth is of particular importance in this process. The fact that one of the most effective directions for the formation and realization of a new regional policy on the basis of the unity of Ukrainian territory is the focus on the development of macro-regions, which include the Carpathian region, is proved. European practice shows the shifting of emphasis from exclusive stimulating and development of specific regions and smoothing out the disproportions of regional development to the focus on identifying common features of regions in socio-economic development. On the basis of the research, the peculiarities of coordination of regional development projects’ planning, financing and implementation measures based on the use of an integrated approach for regional development of regions or a region were determined. The necessity of the following measure was emphasized: raising the level of strategic planning culture aimed at realism of the plan of measures for the implementation of the regional development strategy with a clear definition of organizational, financial and control parameters; maintenance of adequate information support for both the implementation of regional policy on the basis of increasing transparency in decision-making and its implementation, and the level of awareness of all stakeholders, and the possibilities of public monitoring of the regional policy implementation on the local level.
regional policy, development strategy, strategic orientations, macro region, Carpathian region
The peculiarities of funding of the educational sector from the local budgets in the Carpathian region were analyzed and the changes in management of educational sector, which were caused by the conduction of administrative and territorial reform in the country were found. It was emphasized that the result of the reforms should not be only the saving of financial resources, but also high quality of educational services for both tax payers and recipients of services. It was studied a new tendency of management of educational network – the creation of hub schools. The major problems of their formation were found: the discrepancy of boundaries of educational district with the boundaries of united territorial communities, the correspondence of the requirements for hub schools with the existing realities and other. The legislative changes during 2015-2017 in financing of secondary, vocational and technical education by means of appropriate subsidies from the state budget were analyzed and the main problem of financing were detected.
education, financing, Carpathian region, reform, united territorial communities
The modern approaches to solving the problem of mountain areas in European countries are considered. The decisive role of agriculture in their development is emphasized. The analysis confirms that the problems of economic, ecological and social kind within mountainous areas of European countries are solved either by means of active agrarian policy or within the framework of regional mountain policy realization aimed at compensation of negative influence of natural and climatic resource properties of mountains territories, through providing of investment support for the development of priority types and spheres of economic activity, in particular agriculture. The Common Agricultural Policy costs of 2007-2013 for improving the rural conditions and agriculture in Austria and the integrated approach of Switzerland to rural development and mountain regions are considered in detail. The conclusions are that the majority of mountainous countries form a mountainous development policy strategy aimed at compensating for the negative impact of the natural and climatic resource properties of the mountain areas, providing investment support for the development of priority types and spheres of economic activity, in particular agriculture. We position the implementation of comprehensive accounting and monitoring of the land resources condition as a determining, driving and stimulating precondition for achieving progress in socio-economic development of mountain areas. This will allow changing the character of economic activity and improving the investment climate in mountainous regions. Considerable attention is paid to the issue of agricultural manufactures stimulation in the mountainous areas. The main disadvantages of the national system of the mountain agriculture stimulation, which do not allow disclosing the possibilities of these territories to the fullest extent, are identified. The directions of agricultural producers’ economic support in the mountainous regions of Ukraine were suggested in order to prevent the decline of the agrarian sphere of local population employment, which is traditionally leading for such territories. We are convinced that the policy of mountain farming in Ukraine should be guided by the principles and fundamentals of the updated Common Agricultural Policy of the EU, and that by granting the state support to the agrarian sector of the mountain regions economy it is possible to approach the resolution of the extremely important problems of compliance with the environmental requirements in agricultural production. The directions of agriculture ecologization in the mountainous areas were suggested.
Development of a system should be based on the relevant fundamental principles that are the basis of its elements’ interrelation. In the waste management system the principles form the basis for the main reference points in the process of legal environment formation by the system’s greater control section. These principles also determine the requirements for building an effective institutional structure and the outlined policy implementation at all levels of management hierarchy. In addition, the basic principles should underlie the internal believes of each person and form his/her daily behavior, that is they should be understandable and acceptable by every member of the society. In this context, a technical version of the project on the National Strategy for Waste Management offered by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources makes up a certain scientific interest for us. The review of the formulated guiding principles gives reasons to refine and detail them and expand their list considering the critical importance of the National Strategy for Regional Development and having in view the environmental problems layer that already exist in Ukraine. The article aims to form the principles of waste management system, based on the project proposals and author’s supplements with the appropriate interpretation for intended use. The author emphasizes that comprehensive fundamental and applied research in theoretical and empirical levels should be based on both legislative and executive functions in the waste management and treatment. Therefore, it is unacceptable to neglect the role of science in the system of waste management development. Promoting the ecologically safe technologies of production, implementation of the effective waste management schemes, creating a legal framework for administrative action and providing service for all the participants in social and economic relations –these are the main actions on the principle of ecologization. It is claimed that state institutions play a significant role in forming social responsibility of a manufacturer along with its own environmental awareness. The high cost of environmental effects requires the implementation of the intended measures to prevent them, which requires taking into account the principle of their cause and effect assessment. Strategically important vector of the waste management development is its focus on alternatives for their use based on the implementation of innovative achievements of the scientific and technological progress, harmonization of material and provision parameters – information and financial flows, taking into account the value of each elementary operation (transportation, storage of waste, recycling etc.) and others.
The article observes the main approaches of scientists who were engaged in determining the list and characteristics of the factors of development of network business structures. The influence of factors on the development of network pharmacies’ entrepreneurial structures is analyzed. The classification of factors of influence of exogenous (at macro and micro levels) and endogenous character is developed. Also, the study of the main factors influencing the development of pharmacy networks in the current conditions of functioning. Systematization of the basic scientific approaches has allowed to develop a universal approach to grouping of factors of development of these structures. It is proposed to use the existing approach to the division into exogenous (at macro, micro levels) endogenous factors with the definition of branch features and conditions of network activity for analyzing the state of pharmacy networks.
factors of development of network pharmacies of entrepreneurial structures, factors of influence of network business structures
Current condition and major problems of administrative and administrative-territorial reforms implementation in Ukraine are outlined. Actions of executive and legislative authorities in Ukraine in terms of conducting the abovementioned reforms are analyzed. On this basis the following facts were proven: the entire previous process of reforms conducting was reduced to solution of decentralization issues and voluntary automatic creation of combined communities; not the main reforms are implemented (administrative and administrative-territorial), but rather а spotted sectoral reform; decentralization by itself conducted according to nowadays patterns does not solve anything fundamentally. The drastic change of approach to elaboration of reform strategy and to selection of targets achievement ways is suggested. As a rule without exceptions, this should be our own domestic product with consideration of historic and political heritage as well as economic and demographic condition. This is why the level of local municipal management in each European country fundamentally differs by its institutional structure, volumes, scope of liabilities and number of management levels. Major recommendations on implementation of administrative and administrative-territorial reforms are suggested. The author proves the fact that these reforms’ final goal should be the creation of modern state management and regulation system, with local self-governing being one of its subsystems as the bottom and especially democratic subtype of state management.
administrative reform, administrative-territorial reform, decentralization, local self-governing, territorial communities
The research reveals a number of modern socio-economic and legal issues facing rural development in Ukraine. The dynamics of changes in the age structure and demographic decline of rural population is analyzed in the regional perspective. The essential aspects of rural employment are studied. It is shown that rural employment is characterized by a significant share of self-employed persons among the people engaged in economic activity. The study ascertains that self-employment in rural areas is mostly concentrated in the informal economy, which does not provide any social insurance. The trends of entrepreneurship development in rural areas are described in the context of prospects to resolve the rural population employment issues.
rural development, demographic crisis, rural employment, rural entrepreneurship development
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