Senior Researcher of the Department of problems of social and humanitarian development of the regions of the Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of NAS of Ukraine
Intensification of emigration, deepening of the demographic and socioeconomic crisis actualize the need for applying adequate mechanisms of the state migration and socio-economic policy to slow down the pace of mass departure of population from Ukraine. This requires research and analysis of the main factors of external migration in order to regulate them. The article is devoted to analysis of the main factors of Ukraine’s population external migration. In particular, the following issues were analyzed: the dynamics of the average monthly nominal wages in Ukraine per one full-time employee (2002-2016 years) in hryvnia and dollar equivalents; the minimum wage in Ukraine in comparison with neighboring countries and the most attractive countries for Ukrainian migrants. If the level of wages in hryvnia is growing rapidly, then it falls in dollar terms, especially in 2014-2015 years. Totally, in spite of wages increasing the general level of households income is decreasing (according to their self-assessment) and the deterioration of purchasing power of the population takes place. During the last period Ukraine has the highest unemployment rate in comparison with neighboring countries. At the same time, our country occupies almost the last place (before Moldova) in the list of human development index of some countries (neighboring countries and countries which are the most often visited by Ukrainian migrants). Thus, low wages and high level of unemployment are the main factors that «push» Ukrainian citizens to neighboring countries. Liberalization of the visa regime with EU countries as well as migration, education and other kinds of policies of some countries (for example, the repatriation of persons of Polish origin, the creation of favorable conditions for the training of foreign students in Poland, Germany, Hungary, etc.) only intensify the existing emigration trends in Ukraine. In order to prevent the mass emigration of the Ukraine’s population, it is necessary to reform the wage system in the direction of increasing its level and improve the conditions of employment on the national labor market.
migration factors, wages, unemployment, human development index, migration policy
The article is devoted to covering of social and cultural aspects of the integration of internally displaced persons in host regions of Ukraine. The survey enabled the identification of two key problems of IDPs, they are: absence of their own homes and difficulties of finding a new suitable job. Social and cultural tension between local residents and internal migrants was not found. Probably this can be explained by the fact that such persons mostly chose regions with domination of ideological orientations and attitudes, close to them personally. Besides, it was found that internal forced migrants in western regions feel mostly friendly, and in the east – positive and neutral treatment of the local population was observed. Generally, internally displaced persons had good impression about the inhabitants of the host regions, or changed it in a positive direction after their moving. Consideration of attitudes and intentions about future residence of internally displaced persons is very important in developing ways of solving their actual problems. The survey showed that most of them tended to return to their homes or were still undecided, and only a quarter of respondents intended to stay in their current region of residence. In the western regions, where the percentage of such people is the largest, it is important to solve the problem of their rational resettlement and to provide them with permanent dwelling. Besides, it is advisable to create favorable conditions for self-employment and entrepreneurship of internally displaced persons and to provide incentives to employers for employing such persons. In the eastern regions, with high percentage of internal migrants with a clear desire to return to their homes, it is important to extend the temporary forms of employment, to stimulate the involvement of immigrants in public works. There are many women with children requiring care among IDPs. That’s why it is very important to stimulate flexible forms of employment (homework, flexible working hours, work on call, etc.). And last but not least, under current conditions it is necessary to conduct informational and educational work with the population, especially in the eastern regions of Ukraine.
Some theoretical aspects of migration studies are improved. In particular, the definition of migration potential as a part of its human potential is proposed. Its main components are singled out, they are: socio-demographic, economic, social and psychological. The concepts of disposition to migrate and migration readiness are specified. Based on this specification the scheme of analysis of the migration potential of population is made. It can be used at all levels of analysis: enterprises, regional and national levels. The results of a sociological study (survey of unemployed) are presented in the article. It was founded that the main causes of migration are: low wage level, lack of work and the desire to provide a decent standard of living to their children. The results of the study showed a high level of migration potential of unemployed in Lviv. In particular, almost half of unemployed people who seek job tend to migrate abroad, and one in ten of them have clear plans for employment abroad in the nearest future. USA, Canada, Germany are the most attractive for those, who would like to go for a long term or permanent residence abroad. As usual, those respondents, who prefer temporary jobs abroad, chose Poland. For preventing leaching of the most valuable human potential of the country abroad, two key problems should be primarily solved: creating conditions for employment of citizens; increasing of the minimum wage level. In particular, calculations made by us based on the sociological survey, show that the level of monthly salary should be increased five times to become one of the main deterrents of migration. For those who still have the firm intention to emigrate, the state should provide the appropriate level of social protection, primarily by establishing effective cooperation with countries that mostly attract potential migrants.
migration, migration potential, migration disposition, the unemployed, employment
The article deals with a retrospective review and highlighting of conceptual approaches and elaborations of Ukrainian scientists-regionalists that pertinent studies of sociodemographic imperatives of development and ensuring of functioning of public systems’ employment potential of all their hierarchical levels, such as: regional social systems, territorial social systems, territorial migration systems. Its role in the development of the economy, civil society as well as the country’s orientation on information and innovative development model is substantiates. It was established that the uniting factors of organization of social systems are the various forms and elements of interdependence of separate institutionally defined communitarian subjects of innovative activity, not only purely economic and management, but also ideological-conceptual, value-dispositional, motivational-target. Their structuring is given by singling of regional features, different in modality, specific types of industrial activity, the rank of their complexity, the nature of corporate involvement, a place in the innovation cycle, adherence to certain regional institutions, financial and economic base, funds, trust programs, etc. Importance of innovation activities types for national and regional socio-economic development; motivating of innovation activities; social well-being of cognitariat and level of his creative fulfillment are investigates. Emphasized that social imperatives of innovation development of regional social systems should be implemented in complex combination, taking into account such their structural elements as economic, demographic (including – ethnic and structural), socio-humanistic, social-security, migration and so on. Emphasized that social innovation imperatives development of regional social systems should be implemented in complex combination, taking into account their structural elements such as economic, demographic (including - ethnic and structural), socio-humanistic, social protection, migration and so on. The different aspects of labor migration, the possibilities of migration losses bias in market conditions in the system of target-realizing factors of the integration progress of society are investigated. Emphasized on the necessity of achieving social standards, conditions of labor activity, dynamics of the main indicators of demographic reproduction, comparable with corresponding indicators of the economically developed countries. Analyzed the results of sociological researches on the definition of positive expectations and risks from economic integration of the country with a focusing of attention of experts in the field of migration and socio-economic protection of migrants with the conclusion that the pro-European movement seen as a sign of quality upgrading of national social systems, offering for them a civilization perspective.
socio-demographic imperatives, regional social systems, information and innovative model of development, migration processes
Based on the results of the author’s survey the peculiarities of territorial and labor mobility in the Carpathian region are covered. Through analysis of the level of significance and degree of satisfaction of the basic components and factors of respondents’ life the most agreed and the least balanced positions are found.
population’s mobility, migration, Carpathian region, territorial migrations systems
Citations
Ryndzak O. T., & Bil M. M. (2016). Mechanisms of migration processes regulation: theoretical aspects. Scientific Journal Association 1901 «SEPIKE», 12, 167-171. [in Ukrainian]. {re2017.02.073.007}
Sadova, U. Ya. (Ed.), Teslyuk, R. T., Bil, M. M., Ryndzak, O. T., & Mulska, O. P., et al. (2018). Mihratsiyni yavyshcha ta protsesy: ponyattya, metody, fakty [Migration phenomena and processes: concepts, methods, facts]: Reference book. 2nd ed. Lviv: Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of NAS of Ukraine. [in Ukrainian]. {re2020.01.062.001}
Ryndzak, O. T. (2013). Mobil’nist’ naselennya yak peredumova stanovlennya terytorial’nykh mihratsiynykh system (na prykladi Karpats’koho rehionu) [Mobility of the population as a prerequisite for the formation of territorial migration systems (on the example of the Carpathian region)]. Rehional’na ekonomika – Regional Economics, 1, 123-130. [in Ukrainian]. {re2020.01.062.003}
Vasyltsiv, T. H., & Ryndzak, O. T. (Eds.) (2020). Mihratsiyna aktyvnist’ students’koyi ta uchnivs’koyi molodi Karpats’koho rehionu Ukrayiny (rezul’taty sotsiolohichnoho doslidzhennya) [Migration activity of student and pupil youth of the Carpathian region of Ukraine (results of sociological research)]: Scientific-analytical publication. Lviv: Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of NAS of Ukraine. [in Ukrainian]. {re2020.04.065.005}
Vasyltsiv, T. H., & Ryndzak, O. T. (Eds.) (2020). Mihratsiyna aktyvnist’ students’koyi ta uchnivs’koyi molodi Karpats’koho rehionu Ukrayiny (rezul’taty sotsiolohichnoho doslidzhennya) [Migration activity of student and pupil youth of the Carpathian region of Ukraine (results of sociological research)]. Lviv: Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of NAS of Ukraine. [in Ukrainian]. {re2021.01.029.004}
Ryndzak, O. T. (2021). Sotsial’na vrazlyvist’ naselennya ta yiyi ponyatiyno-terminolohichne zabezpechennya [Social vulnerability of the population and its conceptual and terminological support]. Ekonomika ta suspil’stvo – Economy and Society, 33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0072/2021-33-79 [in Ukrainian]. {re2022.02.035.011}
Ryndzak, O. T. (2019). Mihratsiyna polityka v Ukrayini: vyklyky ta intehratsiyni perspektyvy [Migration policy in Ukraine: challenges and integration prospects]. Lviv: Stonemason. [in Ukrainian]. {re2022.02.047.003}
Vasyltsiv, T. H., Ryndzak, O. T., & Makhonyuk, O. V. (2020). Mihratsiyna aktyvnist’ students’koyi ta uchnivs’koyi molodi Karpats’koho rehionu Ukrayiny (rezul’taty sotsiolohichnoho doslidzhennya) [Migration activity of students and pupils of the Carpathian region of Ukraine (results of sociological research)]. Lviv [in Ukrainian]. {re2022.02.047.007}
Ryndzak, O. T. (2021). Sotsial’na vrazlyvist’ naselennya ta yiyi ponyatiyno-terminolohichne zabezpechennya [Social vulnerability of the population and its conceptual and terminological provision]. Ekonomika ta suspil’stvo – Economy and society, 33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0072/2021-33-79[in Ukrainian]. {re2023.03.058.012}
Ryndzak, O. T. (2021). Sotsial’na vrazlyvist’ naselennya ta yiyi ponyatiyno-terminolohichne zabezpechennya [Social vulnerability of the population and its conceptual and terminological provision]. Ekonomika ta suspil’stvo – Economy and society, 33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0072/2021-33-79 [in Ukrainian]. {re2023.03.070.015}
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olichkar@yahoo.com
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UDC 331.556.4; JEL J11, J61