UDC 332.122:338.45(477); JEL L60 Ishchuk, S. O. (2018). Promyslovist' rehioniv Ukrayiny: tendentsiyi i problemy rozvytku [Industry in Ukrainian regions: trends and problems of development]. Rehional'na ekonomika - Regional Economy, 87 (1), 17-29. Retrieved from http://re.gov.ua/doi/re2018.01.017.php. [in Ukrainian]. Sources: 16
Authors
Resume
Possessing the considerable industrial potential and at the same time transit, natural raw material and human capital, Ukraine still lags behind the Member States of the European Union (EU) in terms of output and the gross value added of industry. The main prerequisites for the poor competitiveness of the domestic industry are the use of outdated technologies and the critical degree of deterioration of fixed assets as well as low efficiency of its operation. The purpose of the article is to identify the main trends and problems of industrial development in Ukraine based on the evaluation of the dynamics of the indicators’ values that systematically characterize the level of the industrial sector functioning in the national economy in a regional context. The results of the analysis showed that industry remains the leading type of economic activity in Ukraine with a share of 31.4% in the volume of sales of the products (goods and services). At the same time, the share of industrial goods in total exports during 2011-2016 decreased by 16.2 percentage points (to 59.5%), and the share of non-current assets in the structure of assets of the industry – down to 45.6%. The growth rates of foreign direct investment in industry in 2016 were negative in 19 districts. By the share of implemented innovative products in the total volume of industrial products sold, Ukraine lags behind Poland almost 9 times. In order to counteract the established negative trends in the development of domestic industry and to increase the level of productivity and profitability of the subjects of industrial activity in Ukraine, the implementation of a complex of organizational and economic and financial mechanisms in the following areas is required: an increase in the level of innovation activity – stimulation of the development of high-tech industries through their selective subsidization on the example of the EU member states, preferential lending and taxation, with the increase of the science-intensive products; activation of foreign direct investment attraction -increasing the access of industrial activity entities to foreign investment resources and raising the level of awareness of foreign investors regarding potential investment patterns; expansion of export potential – stimulation of export activity of subjects of industrial activity by providing them with support in the direction of improving the quality management system of industrial products and ensuring the international certification of production; reducing the cost of industrial products – improving the territorial organization of production and reducing the length of production and sales cycles in industry.
Keywords:
assets, development, efficiency, export, industry, innovation, investments, production
References
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Despite the tendentious decline in the share of industry in total output, the national economy as a whole has a high level of industrialization, compared to the member states of the European Union. Given the globalization of world economic processes and, as a consequence, increased competition in commodity markets, the industrial sector of the national economy needs relevant assessments, the results of which will provide an analytical basis for the formation of trends in state industrial policy, in particular at the regional level. The purpose of the article is to conduct a structural and dynamic assessment of the industrial sector of Ukrainian regions economy. The key indicators that characterize the structure of the industrial sector of the economy and the effectiveness of its functioning are: the share of industry in the release of all types of economic activity, the share of industry in gross value added (GVA) of all types of economic activity, the share of the GVA industry in its output. The results of the calculation of these indicators have shown that during 2013-2015 the structure of the national economy’s industrial sector (by output) and the structure of the industry have undergone some changes in the direction of increasing their share of the processing industry while reducing the share of other types of industrial activity. The most significant of these changes were in the Vinnytsia region. The results of the integrated assessment of the dynamics of structural indicators of the industrial regions of Ukraine revealed in general the most effective functioning of the industrial sector of Poltava region economy, which is explained by the largest (among the regions) share of extractive industry in it and the development of quarries (in particular, gas extraction). The latter is characterized by the highest share of airborne emissions in production (>50 per cent) among industrial activities. A similar situation was observed in the Kirovohrad and Luhansk regions. Instead, Zaporizhzhya region having occupied the 1-st place among the regions of Ukraine by the level of industrialization in the economy in 2015, was an outsider by the indicator of the industry efficiency. This situation is due to a large share of the processing industry (79.57 per cent) in the structure of the industrial sector of the economy of this region. In general, the smallest part of the industrial activity in the production of processing industry is due to their specificity, which is usually in the presence of significant raw material and energy costs in the cost of products of the processing industry. The lowest share of vehicles in the production is peculiar to the production of chemicals and chemical products (10.92 per cent), while the highest is taken by textiles, clothing, leather and other materials (50.82 per cent). However, the share of highly efficient types of processing industries in the structure of the industrial sector of the economy of the Ukrainian regions is relatively small (<15 per cent). The results of the conducted research confirmed the need for further restructuring of the industrial sector of the economy of the Ukrainian regions. Gradual optimization of the structure of domestic industry should take place simultaneously in four directions, that is, to cover all types of industrial activities and their subspecies. A key criterion for such an optimization is the increase in socioeconomic efficiency, which means improvement of the airborne security and its structure, in particular, increasing the share of gross operating profit, mixed income. As the implementation of state industrial policy takes place at the regional level, each oblast needs to form the specialized (in accordance with the needs and opportunities of its economy) strategic directions of industrial restructuring and to develop current programs for their practical implementation.
efficiency, gross value added, industry, output, structure, types of industrial activity
Machine building plays one of the key roles in ensuring of the economy development on an innovative basis. The synergy of enterprises within clusters in the region allows them to use their potential more effectively. For the region, clusters serve as catalysts for economic growth. The aim of the article is to establish trends in the development of machine building in Ukraine and to identify the preconditions for the development of appropriate clusters in the regions. General and special methods of scientific knowledge constitute the methodological basis of the study. In particular, the statistical method is used to reflect the results of scientific research on the identification of modern trends in the development of machine building in Ukraine. The cartographic method, methods of comparative analysis, synthesis and grouping are used as the basis for determining the localization of machine building in the regions of Ukraine. The methods of cause-effect relationships were used to study the prospects of the development of machine building clusters in the regions of Ukraine. On the basis of the analysis of the dynamics of machine building development in Ukraine during 2010-2016 the following was found: the number of machine building enterprises and the number of employed workers steadily reduced; volumes of industrial production of machine building mostly increased, the share of loss-making enterprises declined. More than a tenth part of the cost of innovation goes to machine building. Enterprises of this kind of activity implemented almost half of innovation processes and the fourth part of a new innovative product in the Ukrainian industry. Military aggression by the Russian Federation has made significant adjustments in the dynamics of machine building development in Ukraine. The study of the efficiency of the activity of machine building enterprises in Ukraine has established that despite the growth in the profitability of operating activities in the last year, the actual efficiency of enterprises of this type of activity is close to the point of break-even. During the analysed period, the labour productivity in machine building grew. However, this dynamics is due to a steady reduction in the number of employed in machine building, rather than an intensive increase in sales volumes. The indicator of localization by volume of sold industrial products is used to identify regions of Ukraine, in which machine building is one of the main industrial sectors. It was established that machine building is the industry profile sphere in 45.8% of the Ukrainian regions. The existence of machine building clusters in the regions of Ukraine is analysed. The author has defined regions with prerequisites for the creation of machine-building clusters and key directions by the machine building types for these clusters based on localization indicators. The obtained results of the research can serve as a scientific and analytical basis for the state authorities to make appropriate decisions on the formation of machine-building clusters in the regions of Ukraine. Further studies will be used to include spatial analysis of clusterization of Ukrainian regions by types of economic activity.
The problem of human and social capital formation is closely connected to the functioning of the education system. From the standpoint of a system approach, education is a functional institution of a society, which has its own structure and specific aim of functioning. The complication of social and manufacturing, information and intellectual relations in the processes of civilization development generates increased requirements for the functioning of social and industrial subsystems, which can be solved only by means of education. The functioning of the education system is not just the transfer of knowledge and the development of a person, but also the intellectual support of socio-economic development. Educational functions play a key role in the pace of civilization progress in the nearest future. In the context of sustainable development, an important moment in the role of education is that knowledge has the ability to grow and deepen. As a result, education carries out the transfer of knowledge to the next generation, which provides for a progressive development of future generations. Today, education is seen as a continuous process that lasts throughout life and is characterized not only by the replenishment of the information stock, but by the change in its structure and forms in accordance with the new requirements. From the point of view of economic development, education is the source of creating new opportunities and resources for development that significantly changes the quality of human life, ensures the achievement of harmony of natural, social and spiritual human nature. Knowledge and information allow achieving the set goals, minimizing the resources, convincing people of their personal interest for these purposes. According to some estimates, today in the world about 70% of gross domestic product (GDP) growth is due to the application of new knowledge embodied in innovative production and management technologies. Knowledge as a special resource of social development has the properties of continuous reproduction and accumulation. However, like any resource, knowledge is prone to destruction, impoverishment and, moreover, unlike natural resources, the usefulness of which is beyond doubt, the usefulness of knowledge may be questionable. This happens when knowledge (in the context of education problems) is considered and analyzed as a narrow category that involves only professionalism, in isolation from the morality of the subject (individual or organization) – the bearer of knowledge. Today the rates of obsolescence of knowledge grow; the life cycle of goods (services) is reduced. Companies gain advantages in a competitive struggle by creating strategies that focus not on predicting and analyzing the external environment, but, above all, on the efficient increasing and using of their own resources, primarily intellectual ones. It is obvious that intellectual activity cannot be performed without fundamental knowledge, i.e. the knowledge necessary for the education of a graduate of an educational institution, which allows forming a valuable-meaningful system for orienting a person in the flows of information.
education, knowledge, human capital, resource, development, economics
The modern approaches to solving the problem of mountain areas in European countries are considered. The decisive role of agriculture in their development is emphasized. The analysis confirms that the problems of economic, ecological and social kind within mountainous areas of European countries are solved either by means of active agrarian policy or within the framework of regional mountain policy realization aimed at compensation of negative influence of natural and climatic resource properties of mountains territories, through providing of investment support for the development of priority types and spheres of economic activity, in particular agriculture. The Common Agricultural Policy costs of 2007-2013 for improving the rural conditions and agriculture in Austria and the integrated approach of Switzerland to rural development and mountain regions are considered in detail. The conclusions are that the majority of mountainous countries form a mountainous development policy strategy aimed at compensating for the negative impact of the natural and climatic resource properties of the mountain areas, providing investment support for the development of priority types and spheres of economic activity, in particular agriculture. We position the implementation of comprehensive accounting and monitoring of the land resources condition as a determining, driving and stimulating precondition for achieving progress in socio-economic development of mountain areas. This will allow changing the character of economic activity and improving the investment climate in mountainous regions. Considerable attention is paid to the issue of agricultural manufactures stimulation in the mountainous areas. The main disadvantages of the national system of the mountain agriculture stimulation, which do not allow disclosing the possibilities of these territories to the fullest extent, are identified. The directions of agricultural producers’ economic support in the mountainous regions of Ukraine were suggested in order to prevent the decline of the agrarian sphere of local population employment, which is traditionally leading for such territories. We are convinced that the policy of mountain farming in Ukraine should be guided by the principles and fundamentals of the updated Common Agricultural Policy of the EU, and that by granting the state support to the agrarian sector of the mountain regions economy it is possible to approach the resolution of the extremely important problems of compliance with the environmental requirements in agricultural production. The directions of agriculture ecologization in the mountainous areas were suggested.
The conceptual contour of social infrastructure as a catalyst for the modernization of the socio-humanitarian space of Ukrainian regions has been explored. The own definition of the social infrastructure has been suggested. Approaches to classification of social infrastructure in regions of Ukraine have been substantiated. It was determined that education is the main element of the social infrastructure, which provides qualitative human development. It was established that the availability of education depends on the material base of educational institutions, the number of educational institutions, their equipment, the level of qualifications of staff, the possibility of using educational institutions and the quality of services they provide. The main barriers of equal access of the population of Ukrainian regions to education and the reasons of their occurrence have been considered. It was proved that the comprehensive human development through creating of a complex of vital goods necessary for expanded reproduction is the determinant of social infrastructure functioning.
social infrastructure, social policy, social and humanitarian space, education, access to education
In this article the rating of the budget provision of Ukrainian regions has been evaluated basing on the calculation of Euclidean distances and grouping of indicators by budget status and balance, intergovernmental cooperation, budget stability and debt load. Using of the cluster analysis allows us to classify regions by integral indicator of budgetary provision into crisis, low, medium and high level. The analysis shows uneven budget distribution and confirms the need and timeliness of fiscal decentralization. The attention is on the first results of the reform of fiscal decentralization. It is shown that with the new changes to the Tax and Budget Codes financial stability of local budgets was strengthened, resulting in the growth of budget support demonstrated by almost all regions of Ukraine. It is proved that a high proportion of social spending in the minimum capital is not able to ensure economic growth in the region. The implementation of budgetary policy should be based on unleashing the potential of the regions, considering the fundamental principles of fiscal decentralization, especially in the empowerment of local governments to accumulation and effective use of development resources. The existence of certain patterns of implementation and budgetary policy of Ukrainian regions, caused by the influence of factors of exogenous and endogenous nature, has been highlighted.
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