The article substantiates the determining influence of four basic factors of international trade: natural and geographical differences between states; differences in production costs in different countries; the effect of the country's specialization in the production of the good with a greater relative advantage; the effect of the scale of production, and the corresponding theories. All other "reasons for international trade" discussed in numerous publications are at best only modified basic ones. Likewise, these theories can be applied to the analysis and forecasting of international trade in services, particularly in the field of tourism, which is relevant for the post-pandemic development of the countries of the world. Unlike international trade in goods, which recovered in 2021-2022 thanks to strong consumer demand for products, especially in advanced economies, supported by government fiscal stimulus measures, trade in services is recovering at a slower pace. Instead, the uneven distribution of vaccines, the emergence of new COVID-19 stamps and non-tariff restrictions continued to hamper the recovery of tourism and passenger transport in the service sector. Thus, trade in commercial services grew by 16% in 2021, which is 5% below the pre-pandemic level. Accordingly, the problems of the study of international trade in services, in particular tourist services, require thorough research. The existence of four reasons determines the possibility of 15 variants of types of international trade for an individual country or between any two countries. None of the four reasons for international trade is sufficient for its emergence, since only the reduction of the "resistance of distance" in the conditions of the existence of at least one reason for international trade activates its potential. Since the international trade in services needs the basis of scientifically determined approaches to its development between countries and regions in the cross-border dimension, this article presents the main scientific aspects of the theories of international trade and makes proposals for their practical implementation in solving the problems of international trade in tourist services. 

international trade, factors of international trade, tourism services, theories of international trade, distance resistance 

The article proves that an isolated, non-systemic approach to the analysis of potential sales markets when justifying production placement may not give the right result, since the spot will not be guaranteed to be the best for placement, because even in simple situations there are many other options for targeting sales markets when justifying placement production. It determines that with a systemic approach, variants of combinations of locally optimal production sites, the total production capacity of which is equal to the general (systemic) demand, will be compared. For each attractive place of production, a locally optimal place of production is determined from the list of existing attractive places of production. The article emphasizes that locally optimal locations cannot be directly compared with each other, as their choice is determined by orientation on different potential sales markets. With three potential sales markets, there will be 5 options for combinations of locally optimal locations (1 option, which involves placing production in three spots, 1 option involving the placement of production in one spot, 3 options involving the placement of production in two spots), which form competing variants of systemically optimal spots for the placement of production. The application of the proposed systemic approach to the justification of production placement and the corresponding methodology is demonstrated on a conditional example with geographic coordinates. The systemic approach offered in the article for justifying the optimal location of the production of a single good can be adapted to a more complex or compound situation when the optimal location of the production of several goods is justified at the same time (including when one of the goods is used for the production of other goods). The most important advantage of the systemic approach is that it can be used in different branches of industry and agriculture as well. 

location of production, sales markets, region, competition, efficiency, technologies 

The issue of the use of European macro regional development instruments for mountain territories – European mountain conventions and macro regional strategies – is examined. Principles and objectives of actual Alpine and Carpathian conventions are characterized. The necessity to supplement them with the instruments of strategic and program nature is emphasized. On the example of actual 2015 EU Macro Regional Strategy for the Alpine Region the objective, goals and tasks of new European instruments of macro regions systemic development are analyzed. The essence of initiatives on macro regional strategy development for Carpathian region is outlined. Data on directions and priority spheres of joint activities stipulated in the draft strategy for countries and regions – its hypothetical participants – is presented. Special attention is paid to three priority spheres of joint activity, which aim for competitive, green and cohesive Carpathians. Strengthening of economic cooperation, achievement of nature environment high quality and improvement of Carpathians functional accessibility are defined as the most important goals. Horizontal cooperation of strategy participants in institutional sphere, spatial planning and cross-border cooperation are also emphasized as important ones. 

mountain territories, macro region, development instruments, macro regional strategies, Carpathian strategy 

The issue of public-private partnership in the field of renewable energy in the region is considered. The results of the economic evaluation of the natural potential of the renewable energy of Western Ukraine are given. The authors made the conclusions that the rate of its development is low and there is a need of effective organizational-economic mechanisms for renewable energy development in the region. State authorities and business entities are interdependent, because the state does not have sufficient funds to invest in renewable energy at an appropriate level, but has certain commitments to increase the share of renewables in the gross energy consumption and companies can not implement their projects without the support and approval of the state. In this context authors propose several mechanisms, including: formation of Western Ukrainian Cluster of renewable energy, implementation of green public procurement in the region, the development of finished projects for the construction of renewable energy objects on the auction trade basis.
Organizing and conducting of the auctions is hold on the regional authorities in the face of a specially created independent commission. It is advised that the commission should include representatives of central authorities, local authorities, interested NGOs, specialized research institutions and entities in the field of renewable energy.
The introduction of «green» procurement will be accompanied by the new jobs with safe working conditions in the region, the production of domestic «green» products and services and energy efficient technologies, development of small and medium businesses, improvement of the social responsibility through the compliance with health standards of labor, increase the investment in «green» sectors.
It is predicted that the implementation of the effective organizational and economic mechanisms in the field of renewable energy in the region, based on the international experience, will create conditions for rapid development of renewable energy, while providing a major boost to the regional economy. 

renewable energy sources, renewable energy, region, public-private partnership 

Peculiarities of state and regional programs and strategies, which discus the issue of renewable energy sources use are analyzed. There is given the comparative characteristics of some regional programs of western regions of Ukraine. The analysis of regional programs to meet current requirements of renewable energy development was made. The necessity to develop targeted regional programs of renewable energy development is proven. 

renewable energy sources, regional program, efficiency, electricity generation, investments, western region of Ukraine